IASC MHPSS M&E FRAMEWORK MOV Toolkit

PHOTOVOICE GUIDANCE 10 SIMPLE STEPS TO INVOLVE CHILDREN IN NEEDS ASSESSMENTS

This Photovoice Guidance is primarily aimed at country-level Save the Children staff and partners responsible for implementing development or humanitarian programmes. It brings together practical and tested ‘how-to’ guidance from colleagues in Bangladesh (Save the Children, 2014a, b). It will include key learning points from their experience.

ADULT HOPE SCALE OVERVIEW

A one page overview of the Adult Hope Scale and accompanying documents.

THE TRAIT HOPE SCALE

The adult hope scale contains 12 items. Four items measure pathways thinking (i.e., thinking that involves planning to meet goals), four items measure agency thinking (i.e., motivation and confidence in one’s ability to take action according to plans), and four items are filler items. Participants respond to each item using a 8-point scale ranging from definitely false to definitely true and the scale takes only a few minutes to complete.

BRIEF COPE – MOV AND SCORING

The Brief COPE is an abbreviated version of the COPE and was created for use in time-limited settings. The brief COPE contains 28 items measuring 14 subscales.

BRIEF RESILIENCE SCALE (BRS)

The six item brief resilience scale (BRS) was created to assess the ability to bounce back or recover from stress.

CHILD RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED PERSON MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE VERSION (PMK-CYRM-R) 3PT SMILEY

The questions are designed to help us better understand how the participant copes with daily life and what role the people around them play in dealing with daily challenges. Person Most Knowledgeable (PMK) versions are available that can be completed by someone who knows the target individual well.

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE OVERVIEW

One page overview of Child & Youth Resilience Measure

PIA RESILIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (PIA) BLANK DOCUMENT

Blank worksheet with Psychosocial wellbeing of the group measured by 5 indicators

PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOME PROFILES (PSYCHLOPS) OVERVIEW

One page overview of the Psychological Outcome Profiles (PSYCHLOPS)

PSYCHLOPS, PRE-THERAPY

This questionnaire is called the Psychological Outcome Profiles questionnaire (PSYCHLOPS), Version 5. The 5-item PSYCHLOPS is a measure designed to assess client-generated outcomes. It consists of four questions measuring three domains: Problems, Function and Wellbeing.

BRIEF ETHNOGRAPHIC INTERVIEW OVERVIEW

Brief ethnographic interviews can be conducted to collect and assess indicators of well-being.

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO ETHNOGRAPHIC ACTION RESEARCH

Ethnographic Action Research is a methodology that combines research with project development. It has been designed for Information and Communication Technology (ICT) initiatives.

1.5.3 RESEARCH ETHICS

Section 1.5.3. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CARDS-VISUAL PROMPTS OVERVIEW

Cards/visual prompting can be used to prompt discussion around outcomes and indicators. This document provides a one page overview of the Cards/Visual Prompts relevant for individuals 6 years and older.

DIARY ENTRIES OVERVIEW

Diary entries asks participants to document their experiences in a diary that can later be analysed

PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN EMERGENCY DISPLACEMENT, EARLY RECOVERY, AND RETURN: IOM TOOLS

The tools presented in this volume have been developed and used over the past few years in order to identify and respond to people’s psychosocial needs in the midst of an emergency and in early recovery settings, mainly targeting displaced and returnee populations. As tools for IOM operations, they are designed to achieve four main goals: 1) assessing people’s psychosocial well-being in a family setting in a participatory way 2) mapping the provision of pre-existing and emergency tailored services and capacities to respond to the needs of the affected population; 3) identify most urgent areas of intervention and 4) accordingly planning interventions aimed at addressing the needs that are not covered by existing services, in the thematic areas where the intervention is most needed.

MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE OVERVIEW

The Most Significant Change technique is a qualitative and participatory form of M&E that can be used with individuals, families or specific population groups. It is based on the collection, systematic selection and analyses of stories of significant changes attributed to an intervention.

PSYCHLOPS KIDS PRE-THERAPY V2017

The 5-item PSYCHLOPS is a measure designed to assess client-generated outcomes. It consists of four questions measuring three domains: Problems, Function and Wellbeing. This document is the PSYCHLOPS kids pre-therapy form

PSYCHLOPS KIDS DURING THERAPY V2017

The 5-item PSYCHLOPS is a measure designed to assess client-generated outcomes. It consists of four questions measuring three domains: Problems, Function and Wellbeing. This document is the PSYCHLOPS kids form for use during therapy.

PSYCHLOPS KIDS POST-THERAPY V2017

This document is the PSYCHLOPS kids post therapy form

RANKING OVERVIEW

Ranking activities ask groups to rank issues, problems and resources or coping strategies by priority.

PARTICIPATIVE RANKING METHODOLOGY: A BRIEF GUIDE

This methodology promotes an engaged and participatory process, which rapidly highlights key findings while providing the opportunity for deeper analysis as resources permit. Collected in a structured manner, results can be swiftly consolidated and used to develop action plans addressing identified priorities.

THE COMMUNITY SCORE CARD (CSC): A GENERIC GUIDE FOR IMPLEMENTING CARE’S CSC PROCESS TO IMPROVE QUALITY OF SERVICES

The main goal of the Community Score Card is to positively influence the quality, efficiency and accountability with which services are provided at different levels. The core implementation strategy to achieve the goal is using dialogue in a participatory forum that engages both service users and service providers.

IOM MANUAL ON COMMUNITY-BASED MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES AND DISPLACEMENT 2019

The present Manual aims to facilitate mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) experts and managers in designing, implementing and evaluating community-based MHPSS (CB MHPSS) programmes, projects and activities for emergency-affected and displaced populations in humanitarian settings.

BRIEF COPE OVERVIEW

One page overview of Brief COPE

BRIEF RESILIENCE SCALE (BRS) SCORING

The six item brief resilience scale (BRS) was created to assess the ability to bounce back or recover from stress.

CHILD RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED PERSON MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE VERSION (PMK-CYRM-R) 5PT SMILEY

The questions are designed to help us better understand how the participant copes with daily life and what role the people around them play in dealing with daily challenges. Person Most Knowledgeable (PMK) versions are available that can be completed by someone who knows the target individual well.

CHILDREN’S HOPE SCALE OVERVIEW

One page overview of Children’s Hope Scale

PIA RESILIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (PIA) EXAMPLE RESULTS DOCUMENT

PIA Resilience Questionnaire (PIA) example results document

PSYCHLOPS, POST-THERAPY

This questionnaire is called the Psychological Outcome Profiles questionnaire (PSYCHLOPS), Version 5. The 5-item PSYCHLOPS is a measure designed to assess client-generated outcomes. It consists of four questions measuring three domains: Problems, Function and Wellbeing.

SUMMARY REPORT: ETHNOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS OF CHILDREN AT VASILIKA CAMP

The research was conducted between the 2nd and 5th of August 2016 at Vasilika camp in Northern Greece. The findings of this report reflect the conditions of Vasilika camp in August 2016; however, the camp conditions have evolved since and continue to change over time. The aim was to have a better understanding of children’s psychosocial concerns and needs and how these might be addressed.

USERS GUIDE FOR THE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION TOOL A PARTICIPATORY METHOD FOR THE DESIGN, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY LEVEL PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN IN EMERGENCIES

The Community Participatory Evaluation Tool (CPET) is a rapid participatory method that can be used to develop indicators of children’s psychosocial well-being as part of a plan to support community level child protection and psychosocial support activities in accordance with local vision.

CLASSIC FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS OVERVIEW

One page overview of the Classic Focus Group Discussions

THE ‘MOST SIGNIFICANT CHANGE’ (MSC) TECHNIQUE A GUIDE TO ITS USE

This publication is aimed at organisations, community groups, students and academics who wish to use MSC to help monitor and evaluate their social change programs and projects, or to learn more about how it can be used. The technique is applicable in many different sectors, including agriculture, education and health, and especially in development programs. It is also applicable to many different cultural contexts. MSC has been used in a wide variety of countries by a range of organisations. By 2004, MSC had been used both by NGOs and governments in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe and Australasia.

OBSERVATIONS OVERVIEW

Observation during sessions of an MHPSS activity can be used to assess relevant outcomes. Observation in community can also be used to evaluate relevant outcomes.

PHOTOVOICE OVERVIEW

Photo Voice involves asking participants to document their lives through pictures captured over time.

PHOTOVOICE GUIDELINES: SIMPLE STEPS TO INVOLVE CHILDREN IN NEED ASSESSMENTS SUMMARY BRIEF

This Photovoice Guidance is primarily aimed at country-level Save the Children staff and partners responsible for implementing development or humanitarian programmes. It brings together practical and tested ‘how-to’ guidance from colleagues in Bangladesh (Save the Children, 2014a, b). It will include key learning points from their experience. This summary brief is a synthesis of the key points and stages of the process.

PSYCHLOPS KIDS OVERVIEW

The 5-item PSYCHLOPS is a measure designed to assess client-generated outcomes. It consists of four questions measuring three domains: Problems, Function and Wellbeing.

MANUAL ON COMMUNITY-BASED MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT IN EMERGENCIES AND DISPLACEMENT

The present Manual aims to facilitate mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) experts and managers in designing, implementing and evaluating community-based MHPSS (CB MHPSS) programmes, projects and activities for emergency-affected and displaced populations in humanitarian settings. It is specifically designed to support managers and experts hired by the International Organization for Migration (IOM). However, it can also be used, in its entirety or in some of its components, by MHPSS experts and managers working for IOM’s partners, including international and national governmental organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), countries, donors and civil society groups.

IASC REFERENCE GROUP MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT ASSESSMENT GUIDE 2013

The purpose of this document is to provide agencies with a guide with three tools containing key assessment questions that are of common relevance to all actors involved in Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) independent of the phase of the emergency. This guide will be useful for rapid assessments of MHPSS issues in humanitarian emergencies across sectors. The guide is designed for use by various humanitarian actors (governmental and non-governmental; local, national and global). It is based on the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (IASC, 2007).

BRIEF RESILIENCE SCALE (BRS) OVERVIEW

One page overview of Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)

CHILD RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED (CYRM-R) 3PT SMILEY

The questions are designed to help us better understand how the participant copes with daily life and what role the people around them play in dealing with daily challenges.

MONITORING AND EVALUATION GUIDELINES FOR THE CHILDREN’S RESILIENCE PROGRAMME

These are guidelines for how to monitor and evaluate the Children’s Resilience Programme. They are designed for Project/Programme Managers and other involved and interested staff.

PSYCHLOPS, DURING THERAPY

This questionnaire is called the Psychological Outcome Profiles questionnaire (PSYCHLOPS), During-Therapy, Version 5. The 5-item PSYCHLOPS is a measure designed to assess client-generated outcomes. It consists of four questions measuring three domains: Problems, Function and Wellbeing.

LEARN AND LISTEN: PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS

Participatory assessment involves structured dialogue with refugee men and women, girls and boys of all ages and backgrounds about their particular protection needs and risks.

DOCUMENTATION ANALYSIS OVERVIEW

Documentation analysis involves review of project data or information to evaluate impact.

FREE LISTING OVERVIEW

Free listing asks groups to identify the issues that affect them.

ASSESSING MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS AND RESOURCES: TOOLKIT FOR HUMANITARIAN SETTINGS

This toolkit provides a detailed guide for assessing MHPSS in humanitarian crises. It describes tools for different kinds of assessment, and recommends tools for assessing MHPSS through the health sector and through community support and other sectors. It gives a structured process and good practice principles which are helpful for conducting assessments in any sector.

THE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE CHILDREN'S HOPE SCALE

Assuming that children are goal-oriented, it is suggested that their thoughts are related to two components —agency and pathways. Agency thoughts reflect the perception that children can initiate and sustain action toward a desired goal; pathways thoughts reflect the children's perceived capability to produce routes to those goals. Hope reflects the combination of agentic and pathways thinking toward goals. A six-item dispositional self-report index called the Children's Hope Scale is introduced and validated for use with children ages 8-16. Results suggest that the scale evidences internal consistency, and is relatively stable over retesting. Additionally, the scale exhibits convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity. Limitations and uses of the scale are discussed

ASSESSING MHPSS NEEDS AND RESOURCES TOOLKIT FOR HUMANITARIAN SETTINGS

This toolkit provides a detailed guide for assessing MHPSS in humanitarian crises. It describes tools for different kinds of assessment, and recommends tools for assessing MHPSS through the health sector and through community support and other sectors. It gives a structured process and good practice principles which are helpful for conducting assessments in any sector.

THE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION TOOL FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL PROGRAMS: A GUIDE TO IMPLEMENTATION

This paper describes an instrument for the monitoring and evaluation of programs designed to improve the psychosocial well being of children: the Community Participatory Evaluation Tool (CPET). The community plays an important role when the evaluation tool is properly utilised. The rationale for use of the tool is explained, and its application in practice is illustrated with a case study.

ASSESSING MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL NEEDS AND RESOURCES TOOLKIT FOR HUMANITARIAN SETTINGS 2012

This document provides an approach and a toolkit to help those designing and conducting an assessment of mental health and psychosocial needs and resources in major humanitarian crises

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED (CYRM-R) 5PT SMILEY

The 28 item CYRM was established through a process of interviews with youth and their caregivers in 11 countries about the obstacles youth confront, as well as possible resources called upon to navigate through and/or around these obstacles. The measure provides an overview of resilience of an individual at a moment in time using a social-ecological perspective.

PIA RESILIENCE QUESTIONNAIRE (PIA) OVERVIEW

One page overview of the PIA Resilience Questionnaire (PIA)

1.1.2 BENEFITS OF USING THE EAR APPROACH IN YOUR INITIATIVE

List of benefits of using the Ethnographic Action Research approach in your initiative

MADNESS OR SADNESS? LOCAL CONCEPTS OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN FOUR CONFLICT-AFFECTED AFRICAN COMMUNITIES

Concepts of ‘what constitutes mental illness’, the presumed aetiology and preferred treatment options, vary considerably from one cultural context to another. Knowledge and understanding of these local conceptualizations is essential to inform public mental health programming and policy.

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED PERSON MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE VERSION (PMK-CYRM-R) 3PT

The questions are designed to help us better understand how the participant copes with daily life and what role the people around them play in dealing with daily challenges. Person Most Knowledgeable (PMK) versions are available that can be completed by someone who knows the target individual well.

1.1.3. HOW EAR WORKS

Section 1.1.3. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED PERSON MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE VERSION (PMK-CYRM-R) 3PT SIMPLE

The questions are designed to help us better understand how the participant copes with daily life and what role the people around them play in dealing with daily challenges. Person Most Knowledgeable (PMK) versions are available that can be completed by someone who knows the target individual well.

1.2 COMMUNICATIVE ECOLOGY

Section 1.2 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED PERSON MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE VERSION (PMK-CYRM-R) 5PT

The questions are designed to help us better understand how the participant copes with daily life and what role the people around them play in dealing with daily challenges. Person Most Knowledgeable (PMK) versions are available that can be completed by someone who knows the target individual well.

1.2.1 KEY QUESTIONS TO UNDERSTAND LOCAL COMMUNICATION ECOLOGY

Section 1.2.1 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED PERSON MOST KNOWLEDGEABLE VERSION (PMK-CYRM-R) 5PT SIMPLE

1.2.2 WHY STUDY LOCAL COMMUNICATIVE ECOLOGIES?

1.2.2 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED (CYRM-R) (3PT)

The 28 item CYRM was established through a process of interviews with youth and their caregivers in 11 countries about the obstacles youth confront, as well as possible resources called upon to navigate through and/or around these obstacles. The measure provides an overview of resilience of an individual at a moment in time using a social-ecological perspective.

1.3 PRINCIPLES, METHODS AND TECHNIQUES

Ethnographic action researchers combine three research approaches. They use ethnographic principles and methods, participatory techniques and action research processes. Section 1.3 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED (CYRM-R) (3PT, SIMPLE)

The 28 item CYRM was established through a process of interviews with youth and their caregivers in 11 countries about the obstacles youth confront, as well as possible resources called upon to navigate through and/or around these obstacles. The measure provides an overview of resilience of an individual at a moment in time using a social-ecological perspective.

CHILDREN’S HOPE SCALE

This six item measure is “based on the premise that children are goal directed and that their goal-related thoughts can be understood according to two components: agency and pathways” (Snyder et al., 1997, p. 400). These two components, agency (ability to initiate and sustain action towards goals) and pathways (capacity to find a means to carry out goals), are assessed by the measure.

1.3.1 ETHNOGRAPHY

Section 1.3.1. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED (CYRM-R) (5PT)

The 28 item CYRM was established through a process of interviews with youth and their caregivers in 11 countries about the obstacles youth confront, as well as possible resources called upon to navigate through and/or around these obstacles. The measure provides an overview of resilience of an individual at a moment in time using a social-ecological perspective.

1.3.2 PARTICIPATORY TECHNIQUES

Section 1.3.2. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

CHILD & YOUTH RESILIENCE MEASURE-REVISED (CYRM-R) (5PT , SIMPLE)

The 28 item CYRM was established through a process of interviews with youth and their caregivers in 11 countries about the obstacles youth confront, as well as possible resources called upon to navigate through and/or around these obstacles. The measure provides an overview of resilience of an individual at a moment in time using a social-ecological perspective.

1.3.3 ACTION RESEARCH

Section 1.3.3. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4 KEY QUESTIONS AND PROCESSES

Section 1.4 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4.1 THE FOUR KEY QUESTIONS

Section 1.4.1. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4.2 BROAD AND TARGETED RESEARCH

In order to research and develop an initiative in the wider social context in which it is operating an Ethnographic Action Researcher will undertake both broad research and targeted research. Section 1.4.2. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4.3 BROAD RESEARCH

Section 1.4.3. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4.4 TARGETED RESEARCH

Section 1.4.4. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4.5 EAR AND MONITORING AND EVALUATION M&E

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is an approach to assessing the activities and effectiveness of various community-based interventions. Section 1.4.5. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.4.6 THE ETHNOGRAPHIC ACTION RESEARCH PROCESS

Section 1.4.6. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

IASC REFERENCE GROUP - MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT ASSESSMENT GUIDE

The purpose of this document is to provide agencies with a guide with three tools containing key assessment questions that are of common relevance to all actors involved in Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) independent of the phase of the emergency. This guide will be useful for rapid assessments of MHPSS issues in humanitarian emergencies across sectors. The guide is designed for use by various humanitarian actors (governmental and non-governmental; local, national and global). It is based on the IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings (IASC, 2007). This document gives an overview of essential elements in performing MHPSS assessments that are: (a) relevant for all phases of the emergency (as defined by the IASC Needs Assessment Task Force (NATF) and (b) generally applicable to all emergencies, whether large- or small-scale as well as to contexts with or without coordination through clusters. MHPSS needs assessments build on three types of information: (a) existing information collected through desk reviews; (b) collecting new information through assessments by MHPSS actors; and (c) collecting new information through integrating MHPSS questions in assessments by different sectors.

1.5 GETTING THE MOST OUT OF ETHNOGRAPHIC ACTION RESEARCH

Section 1.5. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

STORYTELLING OVERVIEW

Story telling/crafting asks participants to tell a story about their experience. This document is a one page overview of the storytelling MoV.

MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT ASSESSMENT GUIDE - IASC REFERENCE GROUP

The Outreach walk: Improving protection and psychosocial support through outreach describes how psychosocial providers (PS providers) understand, assess and offer support in a disaster situation to promote psychosocial well-being, assist in creating safe environments and enhance protection.

1.5.1 BEING A SOCIO-CULTURAL ANIMATION

One way of describing the role of the researcher (or researchers) is through the term 'social-cultural animator'. The EAR researchers work as both researchers and animators to improve the effectiveness of the initiatives and increase participation. Section 1.5.1. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

1.5.2 DEVELOPING A RESEARCH CULTURE

Section 1.5.2. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

TRANSFORMING TRANSCRIPTS INTO STORIES: A MULTIMETHOD APPROACH TO NARRATIVE ANALYSIS

This article demonstrates the fluidity of narrative analysis and emphasizes that there is no single procedure to be followed in attempting to create stories from interview transcripts.

USERS GUIDE FOR THE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION TOOL (CPET) - A PARTICIPATORY METHOD FOR THE DESIGN, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY LEVEL PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN IN EMERGENCIES

The Community Participatory Evaluation Tool (CPET) is a rapid participatory method that can be used to develop indicators of children’s psychosocial well-being as part of a plan to support community level child protection and psychosocial support activities in accordance with local vision.

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE EAR TOOLBOX AND KEY TOOLS

Section 2.1 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

PARTICIPATORY ASSESSMENT WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - UNHCR

Participatory assessment involves structured dialogue with refugee men and women, girls and boys of all ages and backgrounds about their particular protection needs and risks.

2.2 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION AND FIELD NOTES

Section 2.2 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.2.1 FIELD NOTES

Section 2.2.1. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.3 INTERVIEWS:IN-DEPTH AND GROUP

Section 2.3 in the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.3.1 IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS

Section 2.3.1. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.3.2 GROUP INTERVIEWS

Section 2.3.2. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.4 PARTICIPATORY TECHNIQUES

Section 2.4 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.4.1 MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

Section 2.4.1. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.4.2 GROUPING, RANKING AND COMPARING

Section 2.4.2. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.4.3 SEQUENCING, CALENDARS AND CHARTS

Section 2.4.3. of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook

2.5 SHORT QUESTIONNAIRE BASED SURVEYS

Section 2.5 of the Ethnographic Action Research Handbook